J U D G M E N T PATTANAIK, J.
This petition under Article 32 of the Constitution is by a superannuated railway employee seeking a mandamus from this Court to the railway administration directing them to allow the petitioner to switch over from the Provident Fund Scheme to the Pension Scheme and for a further direction that the petitioner should be granted the pensionary benefits w.e.f. the date of his superannuation i.e. 14.7.1972.
The undisputed facts are that the petitioner started his career as an employee under Madras and Southern Maharata Railway on 23rd of July, 1938. The said Railways later on became the Southern Railway. On attaining the age of superannuation, after rendering 34 years of service the petitioner retired on 14th July, 1972. The railway administration had sought for the option from the petitioner as to whether he would remain in Contributory Provident Fund Scheme or would switch over to the Pension Scheme. The petitioner, however, opted to continue in the Contributory Provident Fund Scheme and accordingly on his superannuation the entire dues which he was entitled to from the Provident Fund Scheme was paid to him. The further case of the petitioner is that since the railway administration had allowed some of its employees in the year 1984 to opt for the Pension Scheme even though earlier they had retired on receiving the provident fund dues, the petitioner also filed a representation to the General Manager, Southern Railway as well as to the Chairman, Railway Board. Not being favoured with any reply the petitioner filed a representation an the Hon'ble Minister for Railways. The petitioner also filed a representation in August, 1986 to the Pension Adalat but the said Adalat gave the reply that his case could not come within the purview of Pension Adalat. Petitioner, thereafter, made one or two further representations to different authorities. Meanwhile, a retired employee had approached the Central Administrative Tribunal, Bombay Bench and the Tribunal granted the benefit of coming to the Pension Scheme to the said applicant - Ghansham Das. The petitioner also came to know that this Court in R. Subramanian vs. C.P.O. had allowed a retired employee to come over to the Pension Scheme who had earlier opted for Provident Fund Scheme. The petitioner, therefore, finally approached this Court for the relief as already stated. The respondents filed a counter affidavit taking the stand that in view of Constitution Bench decision in Krishena Kumar vs. Union of India a d Others, (1990) 4 SCC 207, which has been followed in several other cases, the petitioner having opted to remain in the Provident Fund Scheme and having withdrawn the entire dues which he was entitled to under Provident Fund Scheme cannot be allowed to switch over to the Pension Scheme after lapse of 24 years. It has also been stated in the said counter affidavit that prior to petitioner's retirement on 14th July, 1972 as many as six options had been given to him to choose whether he would remain in the Provident Fund Scheme or would switch over to the Pension Scheme and the petitioner consistently and deliberately chose to continue in the Provident Fund Scheme and received all his dues from the said Scheme and, therefore, he cannot be allowed now to switch over to the Pension Scheme after this length of time. The short question that arises for consideration, therefore, is whether the Pension Scheme though was in operation while the petitioner was in service and option was sought for but the petitioner never opted for the same and on the other hand deliberately opted for Provident Fund Scheme, will he be entitled to come over the Pension Scheme after 24 years of his retirement? The main plank of the argument advanced by the learned counsel for the petitioner is the decision of this Court in R. Subramanian's case (Writ Petition (Civil) No. 881 of 1993) as well as the decision of the Central Administrative Tribunal, Bombay Bench in Ghansham Das case against which decision the Railways had approached this Court in Special Leave. Petition (Civil) No. 5973 of 1988 but the same was dismissed on 5.9.1988. Mr. Goswami, the learned senior counsel appearing for the railway administration on the other hand contended that neither in Ghansham Das case nor in R. Subramanian case the Constitution Bench decision of this Court in Krishena Kumar's case has been noticed. On the other hand in Ghansham Das the Tribunal relied upon the decision of this Court in D.S. Nakara vs. Union of India, (1983) 1 SCC 305, which decision has been noticed and explained away and not followed in the Constitution Bench decision in Krishena Kumar's case and, therefore, dismissal of Special Leave Petition against the judgment of the Central-Administrative Tribunal, Bombay Bench, cannot have a binding precedent. After considering the rival submissions and after going through the Constitution Bench decision of this Court in Krishena Kumar's case referred to supra, we find much force in the contention raised by Shri Goswami the learned senior counsel for the railway administration.
That the Pension Scheme was introduced by the Railway Board since 16th November, 1957 while the petitioner was still in service is not disputed. Further, the assertion of the railway administration that prior to the superannuation of the petitioner on 14th July, 1972 as many as six options had been given to the petitioner to come over to the Pension Scheme and yet he did not choose to come over to the Pension Scheme and on the other hand deliberately chose to continue in the Provident Fund Scheme is also not disputed. The question that arises for consideration, therefore, is whether still the petitioner car be allowed an option to go back to the Pension Scheme? In the Constitution Bench decision in Krishna Kumar's case this Court was also considering an identical case of a retired railway employee who had opted for the Contributory Provident Fund Scheme but after his retirement wanted to switch over to the Pension Scheme. This Court did not allow the relief of switching over to the Pension Scheme on a conclusion that the Pension Scheme and the Provident Fund Scheme are structurally different and they do not belong to one class. It was also observed that in the matter of expenditure includible in the Annual Financial Statement, this court has to be loath to pass any order or give any direction, because of the division of functions between the three co-equal organs of the government under the Constitution Referring to the earlier decision of the Court in Nakara's case, it was observed that in the Nakara it was never held that both the pension retirees and the provident fund retirees form a homogeneous class and further in Nakara it was never required to be decided that all that while deciding the case of pension retirees in Nakara's case the provident fund retirees were not in mind. This Court also further held in Krishena Kumar's case.
"The Railway Contributory Provident Fund is by definition a fund. Besides, the government's obligation towards an employee under CPF Scheme to give the matching contribution begins as soon as his account is opened and ends with his retirement when his rights qua the government in respect of the Provident Fund is finally crystalized and thereafter no statutory obligation continues.
Whether there still remained a moral obligation is a different matter. On the other hand under the Pension Scheme the government's obligation does not begin until the employees retires when only it begins and it continues till the death of the employee. Thus, on the retirement of an employee government's legal obligation under the Provident Fund Account ends while under the Pension Scheme it begins. The rules governing the Provident Fund and its contribution are entirely different from the rules governing pension. It would not, therefore, be reasonable to argue that what is applicable to the pension retirees must also equally be applicable to PF retirees. This being the legal position the rights of each individual PF retirees finally crystallized on his retirement thereafter no continuing obligation remained while, on the other hand, as regard Pension retirees, the obligation Continued till their death. The continuing obligation of pension retirees is adversely affected by fall in rupee value and rising price which, considering the corpus already received by the PF retirees they would not be so adversely affected ipso fact. It cannot, therefore, be said that it was ratio decidendi in Nakara that the State's obligation towards its PF reitees mus be the same as that towards the pention retirees."
In State of Rajasthan vs. Rajasthan Pensioner Samaj, 1991 Supp (2) SCC 141, this Court also came to hold that the contributory provident fund retirees form a different class from those who had opted for Pension Scheme according to the decision in Krishena Kumar's case and as such they are not entitled to claim as of right to switch over from Provident Fund Scheme to Pension Scheme and consequently the Contributory Provident Fund Scheme retirees are not entitled to the benefits granted to the Pension Retirees. In yet another case of All India Reserve Bank Retired Officers Association and Others vs. Union of India and Another, 1992 Supp (1) SCC 664, the Court was also considering the case of the Pension Scheme and Contributory Provident Fund Scheme and held that in the case of an employee governed by the Contributory Provident Fund Scheme his relations with the employer come to an end on his retirement and receipt of the contributory provident fund amount but its the case of an employee governed under the Pension Scheme his relations with the employer merely undergo a change but do not snap altogether. It is for his reason in case of pensioners it is necessary to revise the pension periodically as the continuous fall in the rupee value and the rise in prices of essential commodities necessitates an adjustment of the pension amount but that is not the case of employees governed under the Contributory Provident Fund Scheme, since they had received the lump sum payment which they were at liberty to invest in a manner that would yield optimum return which would take care of the inflationary trends and this distinction between those belonging to the pension scheme and those belonging to the Contributory. Provident Fund Scheme has been rightly emphasised by this Court in Krishena Kumar's case.
In view of the aforesaid series ns decisions of this Court explaining and distinguishing Nakara's case the conclusion is irresistible that the petitioner who retired in the year 1972 and did not exercise his option to come over to the Pension Scheme even though he was granted six opportunities is not entitled to opt for Pension Scheme at this length of time. The decision of Ghansham Das case on which the learned counsel for the petitioner placed reliance, the Tribunal relied upon Nakara's case and granted the relief without considering that Nakara's decision has been distinguished in the Constitution Bench case of Krishena Kumar and other cases referred to supra. Therefore, dismissal of the Special leave Petition against the said judgment of the Tribunal cannot be held to be law laid down by this Court, in view of what has been stated in Krishena Kumar's case. The other decision of this Court, in the case of Subramanian (Writ Petition (Civil) No. 881 of 1993) the Court merely relied upon the dismissal of Special Leave Petition against the judgment of Tribunal in Ghansham Das case and disposed of the matter and, therefore, the same also cannot be held to be a decision on any question of law. In the aforesaid premises and in view of the legal position as discussed above the writ petition is dismissed but in the circumstances without any order as to costs.